Reproductive Health

The legal perspective regarding workplace reproductive workplace hazards differs importantly in some respects from usual fitness to work practice - in particular, a fetus has no status as an ‘individual’ under the law.

-  exposure to reproductive and developmental hazards (chemical, biological, ergonomic, physical) can occur in many workplaces. For most of these exposures, it is difficult to estimate the health risk to an employee or a developing fetus - studies on the reproductive and developmental health effects of chemicals and other hazards are limited. Human health risks are often inferred from animal or cell-culture studies
-  most Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) have been established for healthy adult males, with limited consideration of women, a developing fetus, or breastfeeding mothers.
-  for reproductive hazards, it is prudent to control exposures to a level that is ‘as low as reasonably achievable’ (ALARA).
-  there is a background of adverse reproductive outcomes in the population due to genetics, poor nutrition, smoking, medications, substance use, infections, and medical conditions.

For those work hazards that could affect the fetus (during pregnancy) or the infant
(while breastfeeding), the employee can request modified work to reduce workplace exposures. 
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Key challenges in the development of a reproductive health program are:

identify the reproductive hazards present in the workplace and inform employees of these hazards
provide for confidential self-disclosure by the employee of a reproductive health concern
with industrial hygiene, undertake a hazard and health assessment for the employee
communicate effectively with an employee’s treating physician
determine whether more medical, toxicological, hygiene, or ergonomic information is needed
recommend work limitations or restrictions to reduce exposure
Reference Article
NHS Plus, Royal College of Physicians, Faculty of Occupational Medicine. Physical and shift work in pregnancy: occupational aspects of management. (2009)
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine -Task Force on Reproductive Toxicology. Reproductive and Developmental Hazard Management Guidance. (April 2011)
Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Statement on Pregnancy and Travel. Can Comm Dis Rep 2010:36: ACS-2.
UK Royal College of Physicians and Faculty of Occupational Medicine.
Pregnancy: occupational aspects of management. Clin Med. 13(1):75-9. (2013)
MacDonald LA et al. Clinical guidelines for occupational lifting in pregnancy: evidence summary and provisional recommendations. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, August 2013.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Exercise during pregnancy and the post-partum period. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 77(1):79-81 (2002).
Canadian Medical Association. Determining medical fitness to operate motor vehicles - Section 24. (2012)
Koren G. Exposure to electromagnetic fields during pregnancy. Canadian Family Physician 49:151-153 (2003).
Brent R. Pregnancy and Radiation Exposure. Health Physics Society (2012)
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Limits of Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields. Health Physics 96;4 (2009)
Health Canada – Environmental and Workplace Health. Cosmic Radiation Exposure and Air Travel (2007)
Canadian Nuclear Safety and Control Act. Radiation Protection Regulations. SOR/2000-203.
Burdoff A. Effects of occupational exposure on the reproductive system: core evidence and practical implications. Occupational Medicine 2006;56:516–520 (2006)
Julvez J and Grandjean P. Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Risks Due to Occupational Exposure to Industrial Chemicals during Pregnancy. Industrial Health 2009, 47, 459–468. (2009)
Jensen TK. The influence of occupational exposure on male reproductive function.
Occupational Medicine 2006;56:544–553 (2006).
Paul J. Healthy Beginnings: Guidance on safe maternity work. International Labour Organization (2004).
Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Database (DART)
California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) Proposition 65 List
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Reproductive Health Webpage
UK Royal College of Physicians (2013) - Information Sheets for Health Providers